Kannada · Grammar basics
8 rules that turn words into sentences
Kannada builds sentences by adding endings: one on the noun for 'to' or 'in', one on the verb for who is speaking. These eight rules cover most everyday Kannada.
1. Word order: the verb comes last
Kannada is subject → object → verb. English says 'I drink tea'; Kannada says 'I tea drink'.
- ನಾನು ಚಹಾ ಕುಡಿಯುತ್ತೇನೆNānu chahā kuḍiyuttēneI drink tea
- ಅವನು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆAvanu pustaka ōduttāneHe reads a book
- ನಾವು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇವೆNāvu Bengaḷūrige hōguttēveWe go to Bengaluru
Common mistake: Keeping the English order and putting the verb in the middle.
2. ನೀನು / ನೀವು — respect built into 'you'
ನೀನು is for friends, children and people your age. ನೀವು is the respectful you — elders, strangers, officials, customers — and the plural you. The verb ending follows it.
- ನೀನು ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀಯ?Nīnu hēgiddīya?How are you? (friend)
- ನೀವು ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀರಿ?Nīvu hēgiddīri?How are you? (respectful)
- ನೀವು ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಿNīvu kuḷitukoḷḷiPlease sit (respectful)
Common mistake: Using ನೀನು with an elder or a stranger — it lands as rude.
3. The verb ending says who is speaking
Kannada marks the person on the verb: ನಾನು → -ಏನೆ, ನಾವು → -ಏವೆ, ನೀನು → -ಈಯ, ನೀವು → -ಈರಿ, ಅವನು → -ಆನೆ, ಅವಳು → -ಆಳೆ, ಅವರು → -ಆರೆ.
- ನಾನು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತೇನೆNānu tinnuttēneI eat
- ಅವಳು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಾಳೆAvaḷu tinnuttāḷeShe eats
- ಅವರು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆAvaru tinnuttāreThey eat / he eats (respectful)
Common mistake: Using one ending for every subject — the ending is the grammar.
4. Case endings, not prepositions
Kannada attaches the relationship to the noun: -ಗೆ / -ಇಗೆ (to), -ಅಲ್ಲಿ (in), -ಇಂದ (from), -ಜೊತೆ (with).
- ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆManege hōguttēneI am going home
- ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದೇನೆManeyalli iddēneI am at home
- ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನ ಜೊತೆ ಬಂದೆSnēhitana jote bandeI came with a friend
Common mistake: Placing a separate word for 'to' or 'in' before the noun.
5. Present tense: the -ಉತ್ತ- middle
Present tense puts -ಉತ್ತ- between the root and the person ending: ಮಾಡು + ಉತ್ತ + ಏನೆ = ಮಾಡುತ್ತೇನೆ (I do / I am doing). One form covers both English present tenses.
- ನಾನು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತೇನೆNānu kelasa māḍuttēneI work / I am working
- ಅವರು ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆAvaru mātanāḍuttāreThey are speaking
- ನಾವು ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತೇವೆNāvu kaliyuttēveWe are learning
Common mistake: Hunting for a separate word for 'am' or 'is'.
6. Past and future, simply
Past drops the -ಉತ್ತ- and shortens the ending: ಬಂದೆ (I came), ಹೋದೆ (I went). Future uses the -ಉವೆ / -ಉತ್ತೇನೆ form with a time word: ನಾಳೆ ಬರುತ್ತೇನೆ (I will come tomorrow).
- ನಿನ್ನೆ ಬಂದೆNinne bandeI came yesterday
- ನಾಳೆ ಬರುತ್ತೇನೆNāḷe baruttēneI will come tomorrow
- ಅವಳು ತಿಂದಳುAvaḷu tindaḷuShe ate
Common mistake: Adding a time word but leaving the verb in the present when you mean the past.
7. Asking questions
Add -ಆ to the end for a yes/no question: ಬರುತ್ತೀರಾ? (Will you come?). For open questions use ಏನು (what), ಎಲ್ಲಿ (where), ಯಾರು (who), ಏಕೆ (why), ಹೇಗೆ (how).
- ನೀವು ಬರುತ್ತೀರಾ?Nīvu baruttīrā?Are you coming?
- ಇದು ಏನು?Idu ēnu?What is this?
- ಬಸ್ ಎಲ್ಲಿ?Bus elli?Where is the bus?
Common mistake: Only raising your voice — the -ಆ tag is what makes it a question.
8. Saying no
ಇಲ್ಲ means 'not there / not so'; ಅಲ್ಲ denies what something is. To negate a verb, use the -ಇಲ್ಲ form: ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ (did not come). ಬೇಡ means 'I don't want it'.
- ನನಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲNanage gottillaI don't know
- ಅವನು ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲAvanu baralillaHe did not come
- ಬೇಡ, ಧನ್ಯವಾದBēḍa, dhanyavādaNo thank you
Common mistake: Mixing up ಇಲ್ಲ and ಅಲ್ಲ — use ಅಲ್ಲ when you deny an identity.